How a Hydroelectric Plant Works: A Brief History and basic Hydropower Dynamics   In order to operate machinery, humans have long used the energy of water. Hydropower remains an important source of electricity around the globe to this day. Modern hydroelectric plants rely on a variety of measurement instruments to track level, flow, pressure

Introduction to 555 timer What is 555 TIMER? Today, we're going to explore the digital electronics application called timers or multi-vibrator timers, which are circuits that give precise periodic signals to digital circuits. In general, the multi-vibrator is a two-stage amplifier with one or more amplifiers. The 555 Timer is a widely used IC des

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS What is a communication system? A telephone infrastructure or communication system consists of a set of independent telecommunications networks, transmitting facilities, relay stations, tributary stations and terminal equipment which are typically capable of being interconnected and interoperable in order to form an integrat

Electrical Power Transmission   What is Electrical Power Transmission? Widespread use of electrical energy by modern civilisation has necessitated the production of bulk electrical energy economically and efficiently. The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power stations at suitable places where fuel or water e

What is an Oscillator? The oscilloscope is basically a graph-displaying device It draws a graph of an electrical signal.  In most applications the graph shows how signals change over time: Vertical (Y) axis represents voltage and horizontal (X) axis represents time.    The oscillator is a circuit that generates a continuous,

Renewable Energy   What is meant by Renewable Energy? Renewable energies (or renewables) are ways to generate energy from (theoretically) unlimited natural resources. These resources are either available with no time limit or replenished more quickly than the rate at which they are consumed. Renewable energies are

Ultrasonic Motors What is an ultrasonic motor? An ultrasonic motor rotates a rotor by using ultrasonic waves with high frequencies more than 20,000Hz which a human cannot hear. The ultrasonic motor generates ultrasonic waves using piezoelectric elements, while conventional motors use permanent magnets or coils to rotate a rotor.  The piezoe

     Sequential Logic Circuits What is a sequential  circuit? The sequential circuit is a special type of circuit with a sequence of inputs and outputs. The outputs of the sequential circuits depend on the combination of the current inputs and the previous outputs. The previous production is viewed as the current con

Op Amp Differentiator The Operational Amplifier or Op-Amp is a linear system used for ideal DC amplification, signal conditioning, filtering and mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration and differentiation. Op-amp is a voltage amplifier that has external feedback elements between output and input terminals, such as capaci

PID Controller : Working & Applications As the name suggests, this blog will provide a precise idea of the configuration and function of the PID controller. However, let's have an introduction to the PID controllers. PID controllers are used in a broad variety of industrial process control systems. Approximately 95 per cent of closed-loop proc